An LNG carrier is not a typical tanker. It is a cryogenic vessel, designed to carry a cargo at -162°C. The liquefied natural gas carrier market is a specialized shipbuilding and shipping sector.

Cargo Containment Systems

The [LSI keyword: liquefied natural gas carrier market] is defined by the cargo containment system. Membrane-type tanks: a thin metal membrane (Invar or stainless steel) is supported by insulation panels. The membrane tanks are integrated into the ship's hull. The liquefied natural gas carrier market for membrane tanks (developed by GTT – Gaztransport & Technigaz) is the largest. Moss-type tanks: independent spherical tanks (made of aluminum) are supported at the equator. The liquefied natural gas carrier market for Moss tanks is the fastest-growing, as they are easier to inspect and repair. Independent tanks (prismatic or cylindrical) are less common. The liquefied natural gas carrier market for "self-supporting" tanks (type B) is used for some designs.

The liquefied natural gas carrier market also includes the insulation system. The liquefied natural gas carrier market for "perlite" (powdered volcanic rock) and "polyurethane foam" insulation are both used. The liquefied natural gas carrier market for "secondary barrier" (a second layer of containment in case the first fails) is required. The liquefied natural gas carrier market for "membrane" systems are designed with a primary and secondary barrier.

Boil-Off Gas (BOG) Management

The liquefied natural gas carrier market must manage BOG. Even with excellent insulation, heat leaks in, causing some LNG to evaporate. The liquefied natural gas carrier market for "BOG management" includes: reliquefaction (re-liquefying the gas and returning it to the tanks), burning the gas in the engine (as fuel), or using it in a gas turbine. The liquefied natural gas carrier market for "reliquefaction" plants is common on larger vessels. The liquefied natural gas carrier market for "dual-fuel" engines (which can burn BOG) is also common. The liquefied natural gas carrier market for "partial reliquefaction" (some gas is used as fuel, some is recondensed) is also used. The liquefied natural gas carrier market for "zero BOG" (where all BOG is used or recondensed) is the goal for maximum efficiency.

As the liquefied natural gas carrier market continues to evolve, the focus will be on reducing BOG generation (better insulation), on improving reliquefaction efficiency, and on using BOG as fuel to reduce CO2 emissions (LNG has a lower carbon intensity than heavy fuel oil). The LNG carrier is a complex, highly engineered vessel, and its containment system is its defining feature.

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